The notion that the God of the Old Testament is violent is not a new theological question. Scholars have extensively debated this topic since the 20th century, either defending, attacking, or denying the violent attributes ascribed to God. Proponents of a vengeful and wrathful Old Testament God contrast the accounts of violence in the Old Testament with Jesus’s merciful and compassionate reactions to injustice. However, it is difficult to fully align with those who promote a violent image of God, as God is often depicted as being distant from the violent acts recounted in the Old Testament, despite conflicts between the Jews and Gentiles.
To better understand the wrathfulness attributed to God, it is essential first to define violence before making assumptions. Violence is characterised by the intent to cause harm to another person or property. However, God’s intent, as outlined in Scripture, is to redeem His people from persecution and hardship. With this definition in mind, it becomes evident that it is human beings who intend evil upon others, not God. Therefore, we can confidently assert that attributing violence to God is a misrepresentation of divine intent and an error in understanding of the sacred text.
St. Thomas Aquinas provides further insight into this discussion affirming that there can be no change in the essence of God. According to Aquinas, change implies the acquisition of something new. Yet, because God is the fullness of being and perfection itself, He lacks nothing and thus cannot acquire anything new. If God were capable of change, it would suggest that He either continues to learn or transition from making errors to acting without fault. However, as God is both perfect and all-knowing, He does not need to learn anything new, as He already possesses complete knowledge of all things.
Consequently, the idea that God is a stern and wrathful God is flawed. Transitioning from vengefulness to kindness would imply a change of heart and thinking, which is incompatible to the unchanging nature of God. If one argues that the God of the Old Testament were vengeful and the God of the New Testament beneficent, it suggests the existence of two separate gods with two distinct wills. This argument is countered by Christian understanding of the oneness of God the Father and the Son. They share the same divine essence, the doctrinal truth formally expressed by the Council of Nicaea through the term homoousia, meaning “of the same substance.” Each Sunday at Mass and holy days of obligation Chrisitan’s profess this belief in the Nicene Creed, reaffirming their belief in the one true God, revealed in Jesus Christ and spoken through the prophets.
While violence does still
occur within the Chrisitan community – through power struggles among the laity and
abuses of authority among the clergy – this does not validate the perception of
a violent God. Instead, we as the Christian cooperation must guide communities
in understanding the true, unchanging nature of God. God is not defined by
wrath or violence, but by justice and mercy, united in love.
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